Similarly, Punch (2011) focuses on the implications of the Kratos policy framework designed to respond to terror events. FIRE Dunedin Frequency Coverage Location . Our values reflect what is important to us and the communities we serve. Population estimates for EW and NZ were taken from the UKs Office of National Statistics and NZs Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa, respectively. The NZ Police app is and always will be available for free. Manawatu. Similarly, NZ has seen an increase of 0.3 per annum (decade ending 1980) to 3.7 per annum (decade ending 2020). We highlight the time-series trajectories with trend breakpoints at points of known policy implementations. 105 is the number for Police non-emergencies. An overview of some of our key work groups. Search for other works by this author on: Toward a National Database of Officer-Involved Shootings, High Speed Driving: Police Use of Lethal Force during Simulated Incidents, Questions, Preconceptions and Reactions: Police Use of Lethal Force in Britain, International Journal of Police Science & Management, Shift Patterns and Hardiness: Police Use of Lethal Force during Simulated Incidents, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis, Shootings by the Police: What Predicts When a Firearms Officer in England and Wales Will Pull the Trigger, More than Law and Order: Policing a Changing Society 194592, Do Police Need Guns? January 16, 2021, To Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment each month and have a three-day intensive refresher course each year. You can download the NZ Police app from the Apple App Store or Google Play Store. It is also believed that the establishment of Australian OMCG chapters in NZ has led to an increase of firearm-led violence towards existing OMCGs and police officers (New Zealand Police Association, 2018a, 2018b). [11] A squad member accidentally shot and killed innocent teenager Halatau Naitoko as a gunman threatened a truck driver, and Naitoko was caught in the line of fire. This app is one of top 100 most downloaded iOS apps since 2009 with tens of millions of users. The legal part: During this period, the Bushmaster M4 semi-automatic carbine replaced the Remington 7 rifle. There are several smaller peaks that coincide with EW policy changes. The Myth of Routinely Unarmed Policing.' Accessing Police Channels on a Standalone Scanner. In 2008, the trend resumes its decline towards 2020, although there is a slight increase in 2018. Comparisons of police firearm usage in Scandinavia shows the utility of national datasets and cross-national comparison (Knutsson and Nore, 2010; Knutsson and Strype, 2003). The use of Laser has been confirmed in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch, I would assume most cities would have this in use. Fatal and non-fatal shootings of citizens by New Zealand Police [Restricted]. Find out about our emergency and non-emergency service roles. However, the removal of NZ shootings restores the increasing trendline of EW events that were previously obscured in Fig. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. [citation needed] . Analysis by Knutsson and Nore (2010) revealed that while Finish and Danish officers shoot at the same rate, the Finnish police threaten to shoot significantly less often than Danish officers. These divergent trajectories pose interesting questions as to why the rate continued to increase in NZ when it decreased in EW. Digital technologies present many opportunities to provide new and improved ways to access and receive policing services. Frequency License Type Tone Alpha Tag Description Mode Tag; 75.475: BM: NFD Dispatch: Fire Dispatch: FM: Fire Dispatch: 75.575: BM: Napier Fire: Fire Dispatch: FM . Administrative data from the NZP omitted two events that we found reported in the press. Police National Frequencies - RadioWiki Police National Frequencies Police Simplex Analog Simplex Digital Simplex Cross Band / Link lines General Duties, Rural and Traffic Units Crossband/Linklines Highway Patrol Simplex Linklines This page was last edited on 8 January 2022, at 00:27. If you have hearing or talking difficulties register for the 111 TXT service. Here you will find a description of police radar frequencies, and also a breakdown of the frequency of each particular police radar device. Hendy R. (2021b). Find out how Mori and Police work together to help prevent crime, crashes and victimisation in our communities. Bevpningsutvalget, 2017; Ingleton, 1996). Nonetheless, the police authorities are doing their best to make their frequencies more secure. [1][2] Members are part-time, come from all branches of the New Zealand Police such as the Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB) or general duties, and operate on a call out basis. In its monthly update for November, RSM said, Two-way radios (also known as walkie talkies) are easily bought online but some overseas models are illegal in New Zealand. In keeping with the weapons available to front-line officers, the AOS are issued with the following equipment: For deployment of CS gas, the Remington 870 shotgun and HK69A1 grenade launcher can be used while the shotgun may also apply for breaching purposes. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 2. One of the key aspects of the review into Hungerford was that the response at the time was insufficient, causing a new approach to deal with armed incidents (Squires and Kennison, 2010; Waddington and Hamilton, 1997). The NZ dataset comprises of 82 persons shot, with fatal injuries (n=42) and non-fatal injuries (n=40). CB can get quite crowded, for example, since everything happens between 26 and 27 MHz. Subject to officers maintaining certification as police firearms operators. Policing & Firearms - New Perspectives and Insights, The Colonial Frontier Tamed: New Zealand Policing in Transition, 18671886, Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Statistics on Police Use of Firearms in England and Wales 200708, Police Use of Firearms Statistics, England and Wales: April 2020 to March 2021, Civilian Oversight for Democratic Policing and Its Challenges: Overcoming Obstacles for Improved Police Accountability, Arming the British Police: The Great Debate, Shot to KillUnderstanding Police Use of Force in Combatting Suicide Terrorism, Race, Crime, and the Micro-Ecology of Deadly Force, Police Use of Force: A Global Perspective, Police Use of Firearms in Norway and Sweden: The Significance of Gun Availability, In Search of Civic Policing: Recasting the Peelian Principles. All channels, except those in the 4.9 GHz and 5.9 GHz bands, are subject to frequency coordination to ensure against mutual interference. The increase in armed response capabilities in both jurisdictions is positively associated with an increase in the injury and fatality of persons by police shootings. Presently, photoradar systems used in New Zealand are now Digital Low Powered Pulsed K band signal which are very difficult to detect. 111 is the emergency number for Police, Fire and Ambulance. In EW, shootings have increased from an average of 1.4 persons shot per annum for the decade ending 1980 to 4.3 per annum for the decade ending 2020. This change in trend direction is not observed in the NZ data. View user-friendly graphics that provide an overview of key Police data. Policing in New Zealand.' View as HTML, Kia ora CraigPlease find attached the response to your correspondence of17 March 2020. Systematic searches were made of open-source news and media databases Factiva, Newsbank, and Newspapers.com using the keyword search terms police shoot and police shot. At present, NZ takes a generalist approach that deploys all officers in the field with firearms competency and access to firearms stored in patrol vehicle lockboxes.2 The NZ model authorizes first responders to take initial actions to cordon and contain the armed subject (where possible) to await specialist Armed Offender Squad (AOS) teams to resolve the incident. Previous research has indicated that officers are attuned to differential levels of threat from members of organized criminal groups from other countries (Hendy, 2012). August 19, 2019, To New Zealand Police This needs a update with New Zealand Region. The 2011 adoption of the critical shot doctrine (Squires, 2022) does not appear to affect the trend. Fire 3 and Fire 4 along with FireNorthland are fully cross linked and make up the Region 1 Talkgroup which is Fire Exclusive so region wide turnouts and responses can be heard. The NZ Police app has a lot of potential, and we envisage it evolving with our services as a key way for the public to learn about and get in touch with Police. Their analysis noted the challenges with deploying tactical and strategic controllers to spontaneous and rapidly unfolding events. Explore the early history of Police, read the memorials of officers killed by criminal acts, and find out about the exciting Police Museum. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (, Police Social Capital and the Effectiveness of Emergency Policing in China During COVID-19, Police Legitimacy in Taiwan and Policing COVID-19, Policing the worlds oldest democracy during the pandemic, Community policing and COVID-19 management: Household duties of street-level enforcers in Taiwan, New Roles, Functions, and Capabilities of Law Enforcement Officers Post-COVID-19, Independent Police Conduct Authority, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/146135570200400204, https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946032000116000, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1811694, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2020-to-march-2021/police-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2020-to-march-2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2020.1777807, https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946032000105381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-014-9318-1, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1307828, https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2006.79.3.230, https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1291592, https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/22-10-2019/armed-police-patrols-are-a-dangerous-response-to-a-non-existent-problem/, http://www.csvr.org.za/wits/papers/papsarre.htm, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9176-7, https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038597031001007, https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/99396842/police-do-not-seem-willing-to-admit-they-have-a-problem-with-the-use-of-firearms, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Additionally, published literature about police shootings (Gray, 2000; Ingleton, 1996; Squires and Kennison, 2010; Waldren, 2007) were crosschecked. The Metropolitan Polices Operation Trident pre-empts a trend increase in 2000. A change from shoot-to-prevent paradigm to a shoot-to-kill paradigm and blurring of independent constable-led decision-making. Just the channel names nothing further. More recent research by The Washington Post shows revealed that between 2015 and 2020, police officers in the USA fatally shot approximately 1000 per year (Tate et al., 2021). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The research of these Oslo officers supports earlier research which suggested that officers who were routinely armed believed that they were capable of resolving armed incidents because they were routinely armed (Squires and Kennison, 2010). Our drive for New Zealand to be the safest country in the world. National-level data are considered a cornerstone of monitoring and surveillance systems internationally for government and citizen oversight (Hope, 2021). Each district is divided into areas and has a central station from which subsidiary and suburban stations are managed. [5] The detective Robert Josiah Walton (1920-2008) later Commissioner of Police who investigated the Waitakere killings recommended the creation of a unit to deal with armed offenders spending time with the New South Wales Police Emergency Squad. Project LincolnA Review of Less Lethal Weapons and Related Issues, A Birds Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015, Police Deadly Use of Firearms: An International Comparison, The Police Use of Deadly Force: International Comparisons, The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, Police Officer Involved ShootingsRetrospective Study of Situational Characteristics, Firm Deterrent Needed for Those Who Attack Police Officers, Review of Shootings by Police in England and Wales from 1998 to 2001 (HC.313, Shoot to Kill: Police Accountability, Firearms and Fatal Force, The Badge and the Bullet: Police Use of Deadly Force, Evidence-Based Policing and Fatal Police Shootings: Promise, Problems, and Prospects, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Policing & FirearmsNew Perspectives and Insights, Shooting to Kill? The app provides the public with a new way to access and receive information and advice from Police anywhere, any time. In this present article, we investigate if this increase in police shootings is comparable with police shootings in England and Wales (EW). Tell us what weve done well and what we need to improve on. The Armed Offenders Squad (AOS) are specialist part-time units of the New Zealand Police based around the country available to respond to high risk incidents using specialist tactics and equipment. In contrast, histories of armed policing and writings by former practitioners have provided an alternative insight into armed policing in EW (Gould and Waldren, 1986; Waldren, 2007). PCU = Unit has recruits, but is under control/guidance of a Sworn Member. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. While perhaps convenient for those who posit a rationale against routine arming, those who make comparisons with other western nations show that policing procedures and shooting outcomes in the USA are not broadly generalizable (Ingleton, 1996; Punch, 2011; Sherman, 2020). To prevent policy being formed as a reaction to one-off events, Police agencies should actively analyse data comparing their practice to those of similar jurisdictions. Channel 1 to 17 and 25 to 40 should be used for AM and SSB transmission. However, we believe it is likely that the introduction of self-loading, semi-automatic weapons systems has improved officers ability to discharge a firearm to incapacitate threats. The Strategic Impact of routine arming the New Zealand Police, Master of Strategic Studies dissertation. [9] Four guns and roughly 230 rounds of ammunition were seized and 17 people were arrested. Kind regardsMinisterial ServicesPNHQ===============================================================WARNINGThe information contained in this email message is intended for the addressee only and may contain privileged information. Fire 3 (North) and Fire 4 (South) UHF replaced the VHF low band system in the Auckland area. by Andy Hooley Persons shot by police in NZ (n=82) and EW (n=199) from 1970 to 2020 expressed as a rate per 1M population.3. How do I listen to the NZ police scanner? When comparing the rate of persons shot per million population in the past two decades, NZ has doubled the rate of shootings from 0.360 per million (200110) to 0.783 per million (201120). Previous evaluations considering such issues suggest that the issues are complex and could not be sufficiently addressed in the present format (e.g. pp. Our thoughts are with his family and friends at this difficult time. Due to the low output power of the photoradar guns, most radar detectors will give no advanced warning. Yours faithfully, Craig Perkins1 ------------------------------------------------------------------- This is an Official Information request made via the FYI website. For example, radio brand names such as Baofeng, Pofung and Wouxun are in most cases illegal to own or operate. The rate of persons shot by NZP (19702020) with relevant firearms policy markers overlaid on the time series is shown in Fig. Improving the ease of use by a more diverse array of users is an important approach to support a more diverse workforce. Wairarapa. They will not interface with the upper UHF bands in the 700/800MHz frequency ranges or operate on trunked or cellular-based systems. Fire and Emergency New Zealand (FENZ) Frequencies. Klinger D., Rosenfeld R., Isom D. et al. The rates of EW persons shot can be more easily visualized in isolation of the NZ rates (see Fig. You can use a standalone scanner to access police walkie talkie frequency. The NZ Police app is an important step on that journey, allowing us to share our news and alerts further and extend access to our online services. October 09, 2019, To Jacinda Ardern Effectiveness and Efficiency: Oslo Police Officers Perspectives of the Necessity and Utility of Temporarily Routinely Arming in Response to a Terrorist Threat. Reporting of discharges by Australian police agencies is less rigorous, where only fatal police shootings from 1990 are routinely reported by the federal government (Dalton, 1998; Doherty and Bricknell, 2020). For the police, firefighters and other emergency services, emergency frequencies are lifeblood used to pass important, live communication across their respective departments. Also, check this guide to know how to track police frequency if you needed. It is our view that if lethal force is required, then officers should have effective training and equipment to discharge their duties. In this study, we compare the rates of New Zealand (NZ) and England and Wales (EW) police shootings from 1970 to 2020. see Scharf and Binder, 1983), but calls for improved focus on incident management, priority setting, and decision-making at the organizational level (Squires and Kennison, 2010). [2][22] Similar to the AOS units themselves, the negotiators are all part-time volunteers. Equally, some have noted that the displacement of offenders from Australia to NZ since 2015 has led to an environment where offenders are more likely to assault police. Best and Quigley, 2003; Police Complaints Authority, 2003), but such an endeavour sits outside the scope of the present research. You can also still subscribe to receive email notifications via the Police website. Prior to this point, firearms were stored at stations or front-line supervisor patrol vehicles. Ham radio has a much wider range of frequencies than the others. In other words, the increase in shootings might be a result of increased threat or harm in the policing environment. Call triple one when you need an emergency response from Police, Fire or Ambulance. Routinely Armed and Unarmed Police: What Can the Scandinavian Experience Teach Us? Yes, you can listen to police communications over two-way radios. In J. Mbuba (Ed. 1 - Bingfu VHF UHF Ham Radio Police Scanner Antenna - Best Cheap Option. The NZ Police app makes it easier for you to access our services, information and news. Taking this long view lessens the stochastic effect of shootings over shorter time periods and reveals that the frequency of police shootings has increased in both jurisdictions over this period, despite police not being routinely armed with firearms. Make sure you give the app permission to send notifications first, then you can customise what you get alerts about by clicking the bell symbol within the app. August 02, 2019, To Ministry for Culture and Heritage to New Zealand Police. Just the channel names nothing further. From 2006 to 2020, there is an upward trajectory between 0.5 and 0.8. Many other situational aspects may have influenced officer decision-making in NZ. Printed from https://fyi.org.nz/request/12462-list-of-all-police-radio-channel-names on May 02, 2023 12:08, Craig Perkins1 made this Official Information request You can also find safety and prevention information, and get other things done, such as pay an infringement fee or check the latest traffic alerts. [23] As of March2020[update] the average full-time equivalent salary of AOS and Special Tactics Group members is $97,469. Laser jammers are illegal in New Zealand, although you may be interested in our laser parking systems. Southland. A tertiary response capability exists for more complex incidents, such as counter terrorism, from national-based teams of the Special Tactics Group. That means providing a stronger presence in the community, as well as ensuring our services and information are available to you, anywhere, any time. Scan the latest Police news and information about your district. That means providing a stronger presence in the community, as well as ensuring our services and information are available to you, anywhere, any time. frequencies for the car radios (eg. The rates of persons shot by police (per 1 million) are presented as four time series in Fig. The Baofeng and similar radios will program any public safety frequency in the VHF (150-174 MHz) and UHF (450-475MHz) bands. In EW, police shootings have increased from an average of 1.4 persons shot per annum for the decade ending 1980 to 4.3 per annum for the decade ending 2020. How to get help for family violence (domestic violence) and learn about Protection Orders and Police Safety Orders. Kia ora Craig I refer to your request of 17 March 2020 as below. The NZ 10-year moving average (solid line) helps to smooth out the stochastic nature of the annual time series (where the dotted line shows the alternation between 0, 1, and 2 cases per year between 1970 and 1982). It is legal to listen in to police radio communications, but it is illegal to act upon information heard. for ch 1 in chch; 75.7375, 75.7625, 75.7250) and multiple UHF frequencies for the portables (chch ch1; 485.2750, 487.3500). Their research concludes that there is no indication that the increase in the frequency of shootings in EW is associated with the quality or temperament of AFOs as has been found in the USA (e.g. (, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. What frequency do police use in NZ? [14], The AOS was involved in the 2009 Napier shootings with the Special Tactics Group. [26][14] From the mid-1990s, females have passed and served in squads with six females in 2012 serving nationally. Updates about local and national traffic issues and crime incidents. Both authors were previous employees of the New Zealand Police. Find out the various ways you can contact NZ Police. Also noteworthy was that there were fewer fatal police shootings from 1996 to 2006 in Finland (0.04 average deaths per million inhabitants) than in Norway, where police were routinely unarmed (0.056 average deaths per million). On 15 October 2007, members of the AOS and the Special Tactics Group conducted several raids across New Zealand in response to the uncovering of alleged paramilitary training camps deep in the Urewera mountain ranges. Presently, photoradar systems used in New Zealand are now Digital Low Powered Pulsed K band signal which are very difficult to detect. Not available to assist Operational Staff. Other factors that have been suggested include increases in the use of illicit drugs, the quantity of illegal firearms in the community (including the presentation and shooting of police officers), and increasing demand on police services related to mental health (New Zealand Police Association, 2019, 2020). Users may be prompted by NZ Police to add or download photos/images relating to news articles to their photo library (or other relevant folder). The NZ Police app features the latest news and updates from Police, local traffic and crime alerts, and other safety information and advice in an easy-to-use, mobile-friendly format. While advocates take pride in this restraint-led-policing-by-consent democratic model (e.g. Police shootings in EW and NZ have increased over the 50-year period from 1971 to 2020. Your request is being actioned pursuant to the Official Information Act 1982. Unfortunately, there is limited empirical evidence here to support the veracity of the illusion of safety fallacy. Yes, you can make a 105 online report directly from the NZ Police app, including uploading attachments and photos, and checking in or adding to your existing reports. A detailed explanation of how police radars work. The operation frequency is 24.100GHz. Technically, it is legal to do so in the United States, although the rules can vary across different countries. But the lack of consistency and rigour of national-level data on police shootings can make cross-national comparisons difficult (Alpert, 2016; Klinger et al., 2016; Nix et al., 2017; Osse and Cano, 2017; Parent, 2006; Tate et al., 2021). Channel 11 is widely used by Trucking. Due to the low output power of the photoradar guns, most radar detectors will give no advanced warning. Bureau/Office: Public Safety and Homeland Security Tags: Public Safety Updated: When comparing the rate of persons shot per million population in the past two decades, NZ has doubled the rate of shootings from 0.360 per million (20012010) to 0.783 per million (20112020). Like in NZ, the fatal shooting of 16 people at Hungerford in 1987 coincides with an upwards trendline (1986 n=0, 1987 n=7). Once you download the app, its easy to receive notifications from Police. The first increase coincides with a 1990 mass shooting of 13 people, including a police officer, at Aramoana, near Dunedin.4 From this point, the trendline ascends to a peak in 1999 and then remains stable to 2004. A second increase begins in 2006 and continues unabated to 2020. Such an increase has not occurred in EW as the number of persons shot has decreased from 0.080 per million (200110) to 0.074 per million (201120). by James Sergeant Click the map to learn about each each district. As such, we cannot exclude that the increase in the shooting rate may be explained by change or perceptions of change in the policing environment. Marlborough and Nelson. Our unit of measure follows Fyfes construction of police shootings: where officer use of deadly force is physical force capable or likely to kill (as cited in Klinger et al., 2016). NZ Police (NZP) and the Home Office police forces of EW1 are commonly referred to as routinely unarmed police but they take different approaches to armed deployment (Hendy, 2022). Channel 15 is the AM Emergency Call Channel. Ross Hendy, Darren Walton, Police Shootings in New Zealand and England and Wales: A Cross-National Comparison, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 2022;, paac048, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac048. As per the FYI requirements: In Britain and New Zealand (NZ), regular police do not carry firearms on their person (Hendy, 2021b; Squires and Kennison, 2010). Best and Quigley (2003) found that officers were more likely to rapidly fire when a supervisor was not present at the scene, and the presence of onsite tactical advisors and/or strategic commanders aided tactical planning. Check to see if a boat is stolen and report sightings. February 14, 2020. He was Bryan Edward Marris, 59, of Papamoa Beach. The analysis of such factors over the long term might reveal important relationships between wider concerns to which Police can respond. Each channel is in a conventional voting setup. Get the answers to some of our most common queries. [1] In 20102011, Wellington had 175 deployments, followed by Auckland with 127 and Christchurch with 113. There are many other frequencies especially depending on which area you live in. For radio-scanning hobbyists, using one of the best police scanners to listen in on what's going on is a popular activity, and one which can also offer a number of benefits. Users can choose to do this or not. Until this point, only the Metropolitan, Hampshire, and Nottinghamshire forces routinely deployed ARV (Waddington and Hamilton, 1997). Due to the low output power of the photoradar guns, most radar detectors will give no advanced warning. Both the Aramoana and Hungerford shootings highlighted the inability of the police to contain the persons who were causing harm to others. Section 8 permits a police officer to enter a place or vehicle without a warrant to New Zealand Police Frequencies. The Android version of the app is compatible with Android devices running at least Android 4 with support library. The AOS was established when front-line police officers did not carry firearms. Kratos blurs the independence of a constable to decide whether to use force by provisioning operational commanders with authority to order when shots are to be fired. The search identified 98 persons shot by NZP between 1970 and 2020. Persons shot by police in NZ (n=82) from 1970 to 2020 expressed as a rate per 1M population and moving average with key event and policy changes overlaid. These are fitted with running boards and roof rails, to allow officers to stand on the side while the vehicle is in motion, as well as having enclosed boxes on the roof for carrying equipment. [2], The AOS was established when front-line police officers did not carry firearms. Granular analysis of each shooting event may reveal such insight (e.g. Keep up to date with Police news, nationally and in your district, Receive real-time emergency alerts for traffic and major national events, See media releases, Ten One articles and other news content from Police, Subscribe to push notifications for news, alerts and important safety advice, Easily use the 105 online form to report any non-emergency situation to Police, Get updates/add to an existing 105 report, Check to see if a vehicle is listed as stolen, Quickly call 105 for non-emergencies or 111 for emergencies, Access key information about Police services in New Zealand, Get answers to some frequently asked questions, Explore key Police data and insights, and find out how Police is tracking against its targets. The largest collection of live police, firefighter, aircraft, railroad, emergency, news, and ham radios. Police shootings in EW are routinely reported by the Home Office (e.g.