[3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. These articles are briefly described as follows. "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. R Takibana 2016). 2017). , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. 2010). In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. SD NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines. D [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. For general information submit a message through our CONTACT FORM. L NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. Prinz x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. Invasive research on chimpanzees is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand. Projects NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. [29] M A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017 ). Cornish Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. C [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. [7], In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. In these cases, NHPs must be the primary, and perhaps only, animal model relevant to translation. IA Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. . Technologies to modify the genomes of rodents have formed the basis of developing many disease models, particularly in the laboratory mouse. Significantly, animal rights activity appears to be aimed at influencing members of the US Congress or the executive branch, who have direct influence over the budgets that are provided by the US government to the funding agencies. Animals provided by CROs are often used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicology testing and for some preclinical research. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and scientifically responsible modern alternative research methods. , Ramakrishnan R, Cervera-Juanes R, Madhira R, Peterson SM, Norgren RBJr, Ferguson B. Capitanio Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. WebBiomedical Research. (2) To conduct high impact research that improves the lives of people with blood disorders. . These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. K For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. This issue of the ILAR Journal provides in-depth reviews of the use and value of nonhuman primates (NHPs) for translational research. , Lackner A. Xia WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). DG [8], The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. Capitanio Neeves. J Neeves. A further feature of the process of translation is that it is often cyclical. Phillips Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. [39] On June 11, 2013, FWS proposed changing the policy and opened a public comment period. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. It will be important for the NHP research community to have a discussion with NIH to fully understand expectations for NHP-based grant proposals. J . , Locke P. Veazey [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". Second, once drugs have been developed by the companies and their collaborators, Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials can have failure rates of 50% or more (Hay et al. 2017). This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical , Niu Y, Ji W. Chen 2016), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen et al. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. Monroe, A.L. Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. Capaldo and her newly elected board of directors came with extensive animal protection and animal rights experience and have included individuals with medical, veterinary, psychology, mental health, sociology, and legal credentials, such as Sarah Luick, Esq., a founding member of the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF). They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. One response by some researchers and funding agencies aimed at increasing the reproducibility and decreasing the cost of translational studies has been to develop alternatives to the use of whole animals, such as cell lines, artificial tissue arrays (tissues on a chip), in silico modeling, and micro-dosing of pharmaceuticals in human patients and volunteer controls. Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. Olsson Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). Proper husbandry of NHPs that reduces stress and maintains animal health is critical for the development of NHP models. Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. Exceptions to this are the NPRCs and other US centers that have publicly available websites that actively promote use of NHPs for translational research (https://nprcresearch.org/primate/). Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. E Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Chan [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. CG . In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. Lanford Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. 2023 Nonprofit Metrics LLCTerms of Service and Privacy Policy. In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. MA Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. Belmonte Y NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. KA Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. , Coleman K, Hobbs TR, Lutz C. Van Rompay Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. Dudley ART, however, does not completely eliminate HIV from the body; a reservoir of the virus can be reactivated if drug therapy is stopped. % <> Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. Fogelson, K.B. [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. Y . Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) S 2 0 obj Zimmermann, E.J. 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