Reference CobbCobb (1979) recorded that morbid jealousy may be present with all types of cerebral insult or injury. They want you to act a certain way Aggressive challenging of the partner may be followed by intense remorse during which suicidal action may occur (Reference ShepherdShepherd, 1961). suspected rival). Reference CobbCobb (1979) concluded that, although a distinction was occasionally difficult to make, the categories of psychotic (delusional) and neurotic jealousy contained similar proportions (each between one-third and one-half). The Influence Of Culture On The Expression Of Depression, Domestic Violence: The Hidden Story Of Abused Men, Summer Vacation, Children And Adolescents, "I Owe, I Owe, So Off To Work I Go," Spending, Debt And Stress, Denial: The Good And Bad Of This Defense Mechanism For Relationships, Transference: The Patient's Love For The Therapist And An Answer To A Graduate Student's Question, Involving Fathers In The Treatment Of Children With ADHD, The End Of Vacation, Back To School And Work, Mother's Influence On Psychological And Physical Health Extends To Old Age, Adult ADHD: The Importance Of Learning Social Skills, Communication Challenges With Family And Friends. HUn:+dj@Qn)pEEfbiHrzw`M^Cg93o=;+5`,|9 $!a 9_[N:nt"C `=7+r^^>Xu]sUdHsrLGlV^XY Suicidal thoughts, especially because of their correlation with depression and drug abuse, are prominent in morbid envy. Schipper, Lucas D. } 128 0 obj<>stream A successful marriage is based on mutual trust. Bragado-Jimenez, Maria Dolores Dealing with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Statistics on geographical prevalence and ethnicity are not available, although scientific papers dealing with morbid jealousy have been published by European, North American and Australasian authors. The ethnicity of the sample reflected the ethnicity of the population, so that no correlation between ethnicity and delusional jealousy was observed. It is probable that in some recognised cases, what is identified as an overvalued idea is underestimated and really represents a delusion. When you don't feel respected in your relationship for the choices you make and actions you take, it's time to move on and take back your life and autonomy. 2009. 0000004689 00000 n As well as clinical matters, the issue of risk to the patient and others is prominent in the consideration of morbid jealousy. In order to have healthy and loving relationships, it is important for the people in it to trust each other and be open to themselves and their partners. and How Do You Cope When A Loved One Has An Addiction? Indeed, womens actions may not reflect their perceptions, and they may also refuse to respond to such practices. Jealousy plagues many relationships, turning even the strongest sour. In contrast, morbidly jealous individuals interpret conclusive evidence of infidelity from irrelevant occurrences, refuse to change their beliefs even in the face of conflicting information, and tend to accuse the partner of infidelity with many others (Reference VauhkonenVauhkonen, 1968). Jealous individuals may search the partner's clothes and possessions, scrutinise diaries and correspondence, and examine bed linen, underclothes and even genitalia for evidence of sexual activity. Jealous delusions are a sign of deep-seated insecurity and low self-esteem, and these psychological realities help plant the seeds of anxiety disorder. If there is a high risk of harm, the morbidly jealous individual should be admitted to hospital immediately. Single And Satisfied: Is Marriage Still In? Clinical picture: A patient presented volunteering a diagnosis of depression and anxiety following recent work and marital stresses, before describing recent jealousy and . Vedovello, Marcella Heroic efforts to prove innocence or disprove guilt must fail, as irrational preoccupations cannot be refuted rationally (Reference ShepherdShepherd, 1961; Reference MooneyMooney, 1965; Reference SeemanSeeman, 1979). The term Othello Syndrome derives from a character in Shakespeares play, Othello, who kills his wife because of a mistaken conviction that she was unfaithful. The disinhibition that accompanies intoxication results in its manifestation. Mantra Care aims at . The loved one is viewed as having power, choice and the ability to abandon and leave their partner. And you associate the said scenarios with your future. Are Your Children Over-Scheduled And Over-Stressed? Depression, with accompanying subjective feelings of inadequacy and failure, may give rise to delusional jealousy or it may follow its onset. %%EOF &af?%eVt "XJ= Violence is often justified as a response to jealousy and children that live in a household where either one of their parents suffer from morbid jealousy may have to deal with emotional or physical abuse. Seven out of 110 victims of homicide or serious assault were supposed paramours in Reference MowatMowat's study (1966). Borderline Functioning: Are You The Family Historian? Morbid jealousy: A cog-nitive outlook. Sj% ' &D@9G/JTah W]ag|aI^|)?N*y.gtuMT"Uok E;ZHA.P? ]C9_P]);DQh#aCIr1@Zmk~39Ki=v~i}?wmXEU{t_>{c[-;a/.X@Me"MRRx?(-5 Romano, Anna Vasconcelos, Margarida F. Gomes Nevertheless, psychotic drive in delusional jealousy seems to be a particularly important association, as it is generally in linking psychotic conditions and violent actions. Nicolato, Rodrigo Several studies over the span of many years have laid down various causes for morbid jealousy. Journal of Cognitive Psychother . Same Views On So Much, But Can't Get Along As A Couple, Considering Divorce After Several Deaths In The Family, My 19 Year Old Daughter Is Out Of Control, My Girlfriend's Family Is Ruining Our Relationship, I Feel Like I Have Failed - - May 20th 2010, Relationship With My Bipolar And ADHD Girlfriend. A range of biological and psychosocial options are available for the management of morbid jealousy. Why Do I Beat Myself Up Over What They Think? Morbid jealousy is something that she became acquainted with in her childhood. In popular terms, it is also known as delusional jealousy and Othello syndrome. Such patients recognise that their fears are without foundation and are ashamed of them (Box 2) (Reference ShepherdShepherd, 1961; Reference MooneyMooney, 1965; Reference Cobb and MarksCobb & Marks, 1979, Reference Bishay, Petersen and TarrierBishay et al, 1989; Reference Stein, Hollander and JosephsonStein et al, 1994). In effect, he stifles his wife in every way. Dealing With A Family Member's Complete Personality Change, Mother Showering & Sleeping In Same Bed With 5 Year Old, Did I Love My Husband And Still Abuse Him Emotionally, I Have A Hard Time Making Friends With Other Guys. "My mother definitely had it. Bi-Polar? Rossi, Giuseppe March 4, 2021, 10:55 pm. Undoubtedly, alcohol misuse is an important association, and any substance misuse should be treated as a priority. and More than 50% of the alleged paramours in Reference Silva, Ferrari and LeongSilva et als (1998) study of delusional jealousy were known to the subject. Consent should first be sought from the patient, unless the risk to another individual is serious and immediate, in which case confidentiality may be broken. Children in the household may suffer emotional and physical abuse as a result of the actions of a morbidly jealous parent. Fernandes, ngela Marisa Cardoso B&m8B$m"QOp=SXrT-aJR&U@fgf7x5MM]+G>y|Y 8| %B=pMG21\^U7q UthAKf Easton, Judith A. The current guide champions the assessment of morbid jealousy spanning relational, behavioural, interpersonal, affective, psychometric and cognitive realms to enable accurate formulation - with. e homicide perpetrated in morbid jealousy is usually committed against the suspected rival. These are persecutory delusions, and the delusion of infidelity itself may be viewed similarly. Insecure attachment style correlates strongly with borderline personality organisation. Find out if you have unhealthy tendencies by taking this jealousy test. 2 Careful history-taking should be employed, and, if possible, both partners should be interviewed separately and together. In Reference MooneyMooney's (1965) series, 14% of morbidly jealous individuals were considered to have made homicidal attempts, the majority against the accused partner. 2012. Birthdays, Graduations And Other Celebrations: Figures Of Speech: The Mind, Body Connection. 0 Dr. Schwartz, Mental Help Net and CenterSite, LLC make no warranties, express or implied, about the information presented in this column. Takahashi, Hidehiko 17 & 368) raised the possibility that morbid jealousy could take the form of an overvalued idea (Box 4), that is, an acceptable, comprehensible idea pursued by the patient beyond the bounds of reason. A yes to any of these questions means you're in unhealthy territory. In addition, to examine risk factors for delusional jealousy, gender, age, educational attainment, presence of other people living with the couple, and MMSE scores were compared between the delusional jealousy and non-delusional jealousy groups. In morbid jealousy, the psychopathological experience focuses on the infidelity of a partner. While jealousy is a widely experienced emotion it is generally considered pathological (morbid) when it goes beyond the level of possessiveness considered acceptable by society (Ecker, 2012). Egodystonicity (the distress caused by thoughts that are unwanted and viewed as contrary to conscious wishes) characteristically varies considerably between patients, and a continuum from obsessional to delusional morbid jealousy has therefore been suggested (Reference Insel and AkiskalInsel & Akiskal, 1986). No ongoing relationship of any sort (including but not limited to any form of professional relationship) is implied or offered by Dr. Schwartz to people submitting questions. Lesson Summary. Am I Destined To Play Second Fiddle To His Daughter Forever? In two studies, morbid jealousy was present in 27% and 34% respectively of men recruited from alcohol treatment services (Reference Shrestha, Rees and RixShrestha et al, 1985; Reference Michael, Mirza and MirzaMichael et al, 1995). Easton, Judith A. Answer: Dellusional jealousy, as with any delusion, does not respond to reason or logic. In a study of young adults, Reference Marazziti, Di Nasso and MasalaMarazziti et al(2003) identified a number of factors that, when taken to the extreme, distinguish normal from obsessional jealousy (Box 3). For these reasons, it is important to be sceptical about claims by patients who are violent towards their partners in the context of jealousy that their victims (usually female) have provoked or actively encouraged them to be jealous. and Carry out a mental state examination, including: Conduct a risk assessment for both partners, considering: history of interpersonal violence, including any third party (e.g. This test is robust to small sample sizes (e.g., Parshall & Kromrey . In other words, the jealous person believes that any other choice of lover is better than they are. In addition to individual psychotherapy, with or without medication, I would suggest marriage therapy so that the two of you can begin to resolve your differences, suspicions and conflicts. Reference VauhkonenVauhkonen (1968) described sexual dysfunction per se to be important, but whether this was considered to be primary or secondary is unclear. According to the British Crime Survey, 23% of women and 15% of men have been physically assaulted by their partners (Reference Mirrlees-BlackMirrlees-Black, 1999). RT 2023. We Need Help. When you get suspicious about your partner's fidelity, you don't feel . It may be especially so in individuals with a paranoid personality, which gives rise to overvalued ideas of infidelity. Marques, Vnia Sofia Leite You aren't capable to control yourself and your emotions. Not so fast, though, because jealousy is also based on hatred. endstream endobj 140 0 obj<>stream It is important for a person with morbid jealousy to receive treatment to cure it or prevent it as there are several risks associated with morbid jealousy. Share this test to find out! 2009. There are ways in which people responded to jealousy physical, mental, and cognitive. xve`dVQ&5Ei}Q:D@'!&m'J]r. Morbid jealousy is a disorder of content, in which the form may be: c a combination of a delusion and an obsession, a it is found exclusively in the northern hemisphere, b it may be said to have afflicted Shakespeare's Othello, c it is otherwise known as de Clerambault's syndrome, d it is otherwise known as Fregoli's syndrome. Questions submitted to this column are not guaranteed to receive responses. The paranoid lover will check the cell phone messages of their lover as well as their E. Mail messages and postal envelopes and letters. Reference LangfeldtLangfeldt (1961) and Reference MooneyMooney (1965) considered a third of their patients to have made significant improvement, but that those with psychotic disorders had a poorer prognosis. Also endorsed are couple therapy (Reference CobbCobb, 1979) and individual dynamic psychotherapy (Reference SeemanSeeman, 1979). Capelo, Ana Margarida Almeida Brando Child Jealous Of Moms Relationship With Her New Husband, Is There Help Out There? How Do I Get My Husband To The Psychiatrist? 1 = black; 2 = white Hispanic; 3 = other white. Answer: Jealousy is a complicated human emotion. The association between morbid jealousy and alcoholism is unclear. In their series, Reference Mullen, Maack, Farrington and GunnMullen & Maack (1985) found that almost 15% of individuals with morbid jealousy had an organic psychosyndrome with which the jealousy appeared associated. Morbid jealousy is encountered in general, old age and forensic psychiatry, and clinicians in each specialty should be familiar with its recognition and management. Bueno, Jos Maurcio Haas and Given the potential for tragic consequences, morbid jealousy is a symptom to be treated vigorously. . Suhara, Tetsuya The individual who turns to substance use may be attempting to cope with the symptoms of either borderline or paranoid personality organisation, with accompanying jealousy. and Moreira, Ana Jlia Fernandes You often create scenarios where something unpleasant happens. Cd$2 YNkW?# Child protection proceedings should be initiated in accordance with the Children Act 1989 if there is cause to suspect that a child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm (Department of Health, 1999). 0000002838 00000 n Jealousy is functional because it alerts individuals to the presence of a rival and motivates behavioral responses to minimize the impact of a rival on valued interpersonal relationships. Our test help you understand and handle your OCD better. and The following are more extreme in obsessional jealousy: difficulty in putting the concerns out of the mind. As a result, you can't keep cool and give vent to your feelings when you're jealous. Miller, Marcia A. Emergency accommodation is prioritised for women who are pregnant, have dependent children or are deemed to be vulnerable. Reference BhugraBhugra (1993) suggests that there are societies less prone to jealousy because they place no value on the exclusive ownership of a partner. It is important to complete a full psychiatric history and mental state examination, looking carefully at the phenomenology of the jealousy. Final thoughts Reference ScottScott (1977) reported a number of second homicides due to morbid jealousy following discharge from prison or release from special hospital after years of apparent well-being. Costa, Andrea Lorena da endstream endobj 136 0 obj<>stream Dramatic steps may be taken by people who are jealous, such as searching the clothes and possessions of the spouse, digging through their diaries and other contact tools (email, text messaging), or checking bed sheets, undergarments and even genitals for signs of sexual intercourse. Reference VauhkonenVauhkonen (1968) described two cases in which jealousy became apparent only after the partner had made suicide attempts in response to persistent unreasonable accusations. Hence, the test is intended to be used for educational purposes only. and For example, a person with a paranoid personality disorder may become preoccupied with and distressed by jealous overvalued ideas, develop a delusion of infidelity and turn to substance misuse in an attempt at self-medication. 0000007985 00000 n We extended previous research documenting these similarities by investigating sex differences in partner-directed violence . Although psychotherapy may be an efficient means of treating morbidly jealous patients, when the essence of their condition is more serious, it is not enough. Reference Mullen, Maack, Farrington and GunnMullen & Maack (1985) found in their UK series that more than half of morbidly jealous individuals physically assaulted their partner, although none had come to the attention of the criminal justice system. Soon To Be 15 Year Old Step Daughter Who Is Physically Abusive To Family Members. Not allowing any social media accounts, Facebook, Twitter, etc. and Teixeira, Antnio Lcio 126 17 Stephen Kellett. and It is also associated with morbid jealousy in the context of borderline personality organisation in males (Reference DuttonDutton, 1994). I'm His 2nd Wife. 5 Frontal lobe dysfunction is possibly implicated for morbid jealousy. ee68x_{[+J{@:PE &K[dC4;j^M.c5xP'XI9@g% The prevalence of morbid jealousy is unknown, as no community survey exists. Why Is My Mom Following Me Around To Take Over My Life? Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-m747x Six telltale signs your partner has unhealthy jealousy: 1. RT is not responsible for the content of external internet sites. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word jealous as feeling or showing resentment towards a person one thinks of as a rival. They may be employed by the morbidly jealous partner to spy on a parent. If your partner constantly questions your whereabouts, it's a sign they are jealous in an unhealthy way. In morbid jealousy, the content of the psychopathological experience is the preoccupation with a partner's sexual infidelity. Delusions of infidelity may be the initial presentation of schizophrenia, or appear as new features within an established psychosis. They believe that the loved one is so loveable that others may capture him/her away resulting in tragic loss. Reference ShepherdShepherd (1961) pointed out that the commonly used term delusion of jealousy is a misnomer and that the key psychopathology is a delusion of (the partner's) infidelity. Sophia, Eglacy Cristina The fact that he is becoming violent is a red flag that you need to pay attention to. Cipriani, Gabriele Victims of homicide are most likely to be current or ex-partners; this is true for both male and female perpetrators. 0000000016 00000 n This is why the loved one must be carefully guarded or they will stray. xb```f``Ab@&UhJD`}hv%V-p%z&ZpehIP5*>DbV^~!0mP+6]OX\_R)9(fUVQW004)A)% ( Aashna Parekh Overvalued ideas of morbid jealousy are described in the paranoid personality disorders classification of DSMIV and ICD10. But, I hear you ask, why would the jealous person fear that their partner will stray? This review addresses the nature of morbid jealousy, its psychopathology, diagnostic issues, associations, risks and management. Dr. Schwartz intends his responses to provide. The evidence base for the treatment of morbid jealousy with integrative therapies is thin. Copyright 2023 MentalHelp.net, All rights reserved. Morbid jealousy on the other hand, was found in 7.0% of patients with organic psychosis and encountered in 2.5% of . HUn9+x, 3;CJ.4G J"]U]|xx\B~nE Z" Jealousy test Divorce And Remarriage, The Blending Of Families, Impulse Control, WantingWaitingSavoring, The Substance Abuser And Multi Family Systems Therapy, Part One, "On Being Certain," A Wonderful Book By Robert A. Burton, MD, NAMI: Help For Families Of The Mentally Ill, When Life Gives You Lemons, Make Lemonade: Coping With Depression As A Result Of Economic Stress, Revisiting Your Childhood Home, "Remembrance Of Things Past". However, when the belief in rivalry is mistaken, much time and effort may be wasted in attempting to eliminate a false threat. Warning: Child Centered Is Not Child Friendly! Freud considered that delusional jealousy represented projected latent homosexuality, in terms of I do not love him for she loves him (Reference Freud and StracheyFreud, 1922). Othello syndrome, also called morbid jealousy, is the irrational and obsessive jealousy of a romantic partner. Chakraborty, Apu (the suggested minimum for each cell in Pearson's chi-square analyses), a 22 Fisher's Exact Test was used. Risk management includes hospital admission of morbidly jealous individuals where necessary, together with taking steps to protect potential victims. I suggest that you enter psychotherapy and begin to work on why you are jealous and how it is interfering with your thirty year marriage. Klein highlighted the rivalry between son (the jealous individual) and father (the supposed rival) in the Oedipus complex (Klein, quoted in Reference ShepherdShepherd, 1961). Morbid jealousy manifests itself in various forms, varying from individual to individual. Evidence suggests that in approximately 30% cases, a neurobiological attribute can be traced for the Othello syndrome (Cipriani et al. Take a full psychiatric history, including: collateral and separate history from spouse. They look through your phone and social media. I dont think there is a thing called good or bad jealousy; its one of the most destructive and corrosive emotions in relationships. Perugi, Giulio 2012. The sign which could reveal extreme jealousy is emotional dependency, It means that one of the partners wants to keep the other for themselves. Pal, Kakali One case report described a man prescribed dexamphetamine for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder who developed morbid jealousy (Reference Pillai and KrayaPillai & Kraya, 2000). Personality disorders. The issue of jealousy should be approached tactfully, as the jealous individual may believe that the partner's alleged infidelity is creating the difficulties, not their own jealousy. 2008. Trying To Save 37 Years Of Marriage With My Bipolar Husband, Bipolar Obsessive Thoughts And False Memories, Crazy Mother In Law Ruining Our Mental Health And Relationship, Caught In The Middle Caring For Elderly Parent, Chronically Ill Non-Compliant 19 Year Old, Child With Possible Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). This type of paranoid jealousy is marked by such things as constantly harassing the loved one with questions and accusations about how they spent the day, where they went and who they spoke with. Even if he or she is unhappy in the relationship, they feel that its too risky for them to be alone, and they are afraid of the unknown. View Columnists, Copyright 1995-2015 CenterSite, LLC, All rights reserved. All necessary steps should be taken to protect a potential victim: this may range from giving advice to that person to notifying the police. Salgado, Joo Vincius A likely explanation for morbid jealousy that is present apparently only at times of intoxication is that it exists at other times but in an inhibited state. Not so for the partner who needs to know every detail about your night because they don't trust you. Nuti, Angelo With the assistance of a social worker, the victim may be advised to approach the local authority under the Housing Act 1996, in which individuals who suffer domestic violence are designated as homeless. Ceravolo, Roberto Are you tormented when your partner looks at someone else? nsy7d:&c= U9rr~)obI3W%.2B\e,_Dzk_bhFwJ9kU .xhR jNt-w)v[.]Okp$\Kew91Qnn1B) ?6mrtTDQp>fpj&zKXtp/$(b;S Nl?+->cf=IS29hR5.TW0Eti:v Using a newly constructed database of 398 cases of morbid jealousy reported in the literature from 1940 to 2002, we tested four evolutionarily informed hypotheses about normally functioning jealousy mechanisms and applied them to this novel population of individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. SHOULD GRANDPARENTS INSIST ON SEEING A GRANDCHILD. The gender difference in physical assault against partners found by Reference Mullen, Maack, Farrington and GunnMullen & Maack (1985) is difficult to quantify because violence by women against men may be underreported. Isolating your partner from their family and friends. Kummerow, Andreas M. Organic brain disorders may give rise to delusions of infidelity. Read LaterAdd to FavouritesAdd to Collection. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados globales de la escala en la aplicacin pre y pos test (p<,05 . Delusional jealousy is a psychotic disorder and should be treated mainly with antipsychotics, while obsessive jealousy resembles obsessive-compulsive disorder and should be treated with SSRIs and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Delusional jealousy is a subtype of delusional disorder as described by DSMIV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and ICD10 (World Health Organization, 1992). Morbid jealousy was assessed in 207 male patients with alcohol dependence (DSM-III-R) using a semi-structured interview schedule administered both to patients and their spouses. Take the test answering yes to 3 or more and it's time to work on that jealousy. Reference Mullen, Maack, Farrington and Gunn, Reference Dutton, Saunders and Starsomski, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, An uncontrolled study of cognitive therapy for morbid jealousy, Morbid jealousy featuring as obsessivecompulsive neurosis: treatment by behavioural psychotherapy, A new concept and finding in morbid jealousy, The effectiveness of cognitive therapy in the treatment of non-psychotic morbid jealousy, Behavioural and affective correlates of borderline personality organisation in wife assaulters, International Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships, Some neurotic mechanisms in jealousy, paranoia and homosexuality, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Treatment of morbid jealousy by fluoxetine, Obsessivecompulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenologic analysis, Successful fluoxetine treatment of pathologic jealousy, The erotic jealousy syndrome: a clinical study, Normal and obsessional jealousy: a study of a population of young adults, Findings from a New British Crime Survey Self-completion Questionnaire, Pathologic jealousy and psychochemotherapy, Morbid jealousy and the delusion of infidelity, Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, Jealousy, pathological jealousy and aggression, Psychostimulants, adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and morbid jealousy, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Domestic Violence: Report of the Domestic Violence Working Group, Morbid jealousy: some clinical and social aspects of a psychiatric symptom, The dangerousness of persons with delusional jealousy, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Serotonin uptake blockers for the treatment of obsessional jealousy, Morbid jealousy: a review and cognitivebehavioural formulation, The Othello syndrome: a study in the psychopathology of sexual jealousy, Real or imagined hypophallism: a cause of inferiority feelings and morbid sexual jealousy, Morbid jealousy an unusual presentation with the reciprocal appearance of psychopathology in either spouse, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD10). Sanches, Cintia Cristina Such an attitude causes tensions in your relationship; both of you feel uncomfortable. They are more likely to have higher levels of cognitive jealousy than men, finding out that females did not want to act on these feelings. Given the prevalence of harmful and dependent use of alcohol in the UK, these figures suggest that morbid jealousy is not rare. It is not clear what treatment was provided for these individuals. It has also been suggested that morbid jealousy may arise in response to reduced sexual function. The risk to children in the household should be considered, and protecting them is a paramount concern. Whatever the behaviour may be, it's not acceptable if it's done out of jealousy. Morbid jealousy is a psychological condition in which an individual believes that their partner is being unfaithful to them without any shred of evidence as well as exhibiting social unacceptable behavior.