From an early age, he was fascinated by geography and the prospect of the colonization of America. Without his urging, the English might have been content to rest in their foggy off-shore island while the Spaniards and Portuguese divided the world between them. Librarian and Map Curator, Royal Geographical Society, London, 194566. In particular, he emphasizes that the economic challenges faced by Britain can be eliminated through colonial means. That this voyage will be a great bridle to the Indies of the king of Spaine and a means that we may arrest at our pleasure for the space of time weeks or three months every year, one or two hundred sail of his subjects shipped at the fishing in Newfoundland. That this western discoverie will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the Princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound amongst whom her Majestie is principally. Richard Hakluyt. This work was intended to encourage the young colony of Virginia; Scottish historian William Robertson wrote of Hakluyt, "England is more indebted for its American possessions than to any man of that age. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. How does Hakluyt depict indigenous peoples? In this he also pleaded for the establishment of a lectureship in navigation. That speedy planting in diverse fit places is most necessary upon these lucky western discoveries for fear of the danger of being prevented by other nations which have the like intentions, with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged. Richard received a good education first at the Westminster School, and then at Christ Church, Oxford. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. both the olde imperfectly composed, and the new lately reformed Mappes, Globes, Spheares, and other instruments of this Art for demonstration in the common schooles. The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the Queens Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise. "[21], Hakluyt prepared an English translation of Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius' Mare Liberum (1609),[22] a treatise that sought to demonstrate that the Dutch had the right to trade freely in the East Indies, contrary to Spanish and Portuguese claims of sovereignty over the seas,[23] in the early 17th century. IvyPanda, 8 Apr. That this voyage will be a great bridle to the Indies of the king of Spaine and a means that we may arrest at our pleasure for the space of time weeks or three months every year, one or two hundred sail of his subjects shipped at the fishing in Newfoundland. [5][8], Richard Hakluyt, the second of four sons, was born in Eyton in Herefordshire in 1553. Jan has taught history at the university level. In twenty-one chapters, summarized here, Hakluyt emphasized the many benefits that England would receive by creating colonies in the Americas. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1574, followed by a Master of Arts in 1577. Hakluyt is a firm believer of colonization owing to the nationalistic, social, and economic benefits it might bring to England. IvyPanda. He taught geography, which was his favorite subject. It was at Hakluyt's suggestion that Robert Parke translated Juan Gonzlez de Mendoza's The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof (15881590),[30] John Pory made his version of Leo Africanus's A Geographical Historie of Africa (1600),[31] and P. Erondelle translated Marc Lescarbot's Nova Francia (1609). The outbreak of war with Spain put an end to the effectiveness of overseas propaganda and the opportunity for further exploration, so he began work on a project that he had had in mind for some time. Money needed to come from private investment. Hakluyt's Benefits of Colonization. He died on November 23, 1616. He presented his Discourse of Western Planting to Queen Elizabeth I in manuscript, but it was not actually printed until almost three hundred years later. . Indigenous people are also portrayed as laborers who are supposed to produce goods and act as fighters against enemies of England. Richard Hakluyt was born in 1552 and died in 1616. His interest in geography and travel had been aroused on a visit to the Middle Temple, one of the four English legal societies, while in his early teens. Therefore, the natives and Indians are mere tools, passive objects, or pawns constructed to be used and manipulated via protestant religions in order to serve the interests of the English people. She is also a writer of historical fiction. He supported English colonization for the better part of his life, at least from 1580 until his death. English author, editor and translator (15531616), It has been suggested that the Hakluyts were originally, "Richard Hakluyt", 13 in pt. The first fruits of Hakluyt's labours in Paris were embodied in his important work entitled A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted, Written in the Yere 1584, which Sir Walter Raleigh commissioned him to prepare. Hakluyt dedicated to Cecil the second (1599) and third volumes (1600) of the expanded edition of Principal Navigations and also his edition of Galvo's Discoveries (1601). [10] In 1599, he became an adviser to the newly-founded East India Company, and in 1601 he edited a translation from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvo's The Discoveries of the World. The Discourse, a secret report, was not printed until 1877. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by The conception of race depicted by Hakluyt emanates from specific circumstances, including the institution of slavery, among other historical parameters. One of the issues discussed is the expansion desire for English citizens. We utilize security vendors that protect and Instead, he stressed the importance of occupation, which was favourable to the English as they and not the Spanish had occupied Virginia. Both of his parents died when he was quite young, leaving Richard and his siblings in the care of an older cousin. Hakluyt's Voyages brought him to the notice of Lord Howard of Effingham, and Sir Edward Stafford, Lord Howard's brother-in-law. discussed in biography In Richard Hakluyt a report, known briefly as Discourse of Western Planting (written in 1584), which set out very forcefully the political and economic benefits from such a colony and the necessity for state financial support of the project. Proponent for colonization in the Americas- tried to lobby Queen Elizabeth to support colonization. We will write a custom Essay on English Colonization of America in Hakluyts View specifically for you for only 11.00 9.35/page. 3. Updates? The year was 1591 or 1592. His objective was to recommend the enterprise of establishing English plantations in the unsettled [by Europeans] region of North America, and thus gain the Queen's support for Raleigh's expedition. How does Hakluyt justify British claims to territorial possession in the Western Hemisphere? After his father's death, Haklyut's cousin, Richard Hakluyt the Elder, took him under his care. That the Queen of England title to all the west Indies, or at the least to as much as is from Florida to the Circle arctic, is more lawful and right then the Spaniards or any other Christian Princes. Hugo Grotius, Richard Hakluyt (trans. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. He carefully explores economic concerns . IvyPanda. 232 lessons. He attempted to convince Elizabeth I, who was the Queen of England at the time, to fund colonizing efforts with a treatise entitled Discourse on Western Planting. Besides, the occupation of key ports will enhance commercial activities since England will charge duties and control high-traffic regions. Learn about the English scholar Richard Hakluyt and his reasons for colonization and exploration. Hakluyt was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Richard Hakluyt lived during the Age of Exploration when opportunities were opening for European countries to explore unknown lands. "[11] Entering Christ Church, Oxford,[12] in 1570 with financial support from the Skinners' Company,[10] "his exercises of duty first performed,"[11] he set out to read all the printed or written voyages and discoveries that he could find. What is the importance of religion in Hakluyts case for colonization? In his publications, Hakluyt mentioned such reasons for the English colonization of America as: Richard Hakluyt (1552?1616) was an English geographer and minister. Missionaries, most of whom were members of the Franciscan religious order, provided Spain with an advance guard in North America. on 27 June 1577,[5][10] began giving public lectures in geography. While he did not have the opportunity to travel around the world, he was able to live in France for five years as the chaplain to Sir Edward Stafford. The manuscript, lost for almost 300 years, was published for the first time in 1877. [5] A few copies of this monumental work contain a map of great rarity, the first on the Mercator projection made in England according to the true principles laid down by Edward Wright. with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged. Vol. That this enterprise will be for the manifold employment of numbers of idle men, and for breeding of many sufficient, and for utterance of the great quantity of the commodities of our Realm. Hakluyt understood that in order for England to be successful and remain powerful, they would need to find new markets in which to trade goods. Hakluyt also saw a future for England in the creation of rich towns, and believed that travel across the ocean would come easily with speedy communication between England and her colonies. Grotius' arguments supported England's right to trade in the Indies. The glory of God by planting of religion among those infidels. His attitude towards the enemies of England clearly brings out pervasive anti-Spanish sentiments that have been embraced by England to formulate national identity and create a transatlantic empire. 21 chapters | However, the risk was great for everyone involved and in the case of England, encouragement was needed. The process transformed the diets, economies, and cultures of both continents. Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, Charles Deane, ed. What is the importance of Richard Hakluyt to the history of early English colonization then? [24] Helen Thornton has suggested that the translation was commissioned by Thomas Smythe who became treasurer of the Virginia Company in 1609 and was also Governor of the East India Company. "English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View." Because of these connections, and his own expertise in overseas trade and economics, the man was well placed to assist young Richard in his life work. 1. Richard Hakluyt was the cousin and ward of another famous Richard Hakluyt, an attorney and early promoter of exploration, a person historians usually describe as "the elder." Mancall refers to him as "the lawyer." With the careful encourage-ment of the lawyer, Mancall's Hakluyt, conventionally known by historians Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. She taught for history for fifteen years. The enterprise developed slowly with minor voyages for exploration first, but a colony was finally established at Roanoke Island, in Virginia, in 1587, which would become the famous 'Lost Colony' in American history. It will also propel the opening of new markets. professional specifically for you? 8 April. He became acquainted with the most important sea captains and merchants of England and . Hakluyts reflects on the importance of planting seeds of faith in the hearts of American natives as a means of colonizing them. An answer to the Bull of the Donation of all the west Indies granted to the kings of Spain by Pope Alexander the VI who was himself a Spaniard borne. [5] His last publication was a translation of Hernando de Soto's discoveries in Florida, entitled Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description of the Maine Land of Florida, Her Next Neighbour (1609). [14], Hakluyt was also a leading adventurer of the Charter of the Virginia Company of London as a director thereof in 1589. That hereby the Revenues and customs of her Majestie both outwards and inwards shall mightely be enlarged by the toll, excises, and other duties which without oppression may be raised. When the colony was at last established in 1607, he supplied this benefice with its chaplain, Robert Hunt. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. . 2021. A person named Hugo Hakelute, who may have been an ancestor or relative of Richard Hakluyt, was elected Member of Parliament for the borough of Yatton in 1304 or 1305,[7] and between the 14th and 16th centuries five individuals surnamed "de Hackluit" or "Hackluit" were sheriffs of Herefordshire. Richard Hakluyt was probably born in London, England, in 1553. In this document, Hakluyt outlined particular points highlighting the benefits of colonization for the English people. When Richard Hakluyt was forty years old, he sat one day in his study in London with a walrus tusk in his hands. Richard Hakluyt's Inducements to the Liking of the Voyage Intended towards Virginia, 1585"> the "excellent and fertile soile" on both sides of north america 's "greate and deep" natural waterways promised "all things that the life of man doth require," and whatever settlers wanted to plant they could expect to harvest in abundance sufficient to "trafficke in." Hakluyt was not blind to the profits arising from foreign trade. In addition, read about his work on Atlantic voyages and discovery. on 19 February 1574, and shortly after taking his Master of Arts (M.A.) Richard Hakluyt, (born c. 1552, London?died November 23, 1616, England), English geographer noted for his political influence, his voluminous writings, and his persistent promotion of Elizabethan overseas expansion, especially the colonization of North America. He thus embarked upon his career as a publicist and a counsellor for present and future national enterprises across the ocean. His policy, constantly expounded, was the exploration of temperate North America in conjunction with the search for the Northwest Passage, the establishment of Englands claim to possession based on the discovery of North America by John and Sebastian Cabot, and the foundation of a plantation to foster national trade and national well-being. What type of commercial aspirations does Hakluyt describe? That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades. [24], In 1591, Hakluyt inherited family property upon the death of his elder brother Thomas; a year later, upon the death of his youngest brother Edmund, he inherited additional property which derived from his uncle. But the queen's advisors pointed out . https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Hakluyt, History Today - The Architect of English Expansion, Encyclopedia of Virginia - Biography of Richard Hakluyt, Richard Hakluyt - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Divers Voyages Touching the Discouerie of America, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation, Haklvytvs Posthumus; or, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes. The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise. While at one point he petitioned for and received a grant to travel to America he did not, in the . The queen granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter in 1584 to begin to colonize, although she did not provide full financial support. An edition was published by the Hakluyt Society in the 19th century as, Charter of the Virginia Company of London, Vice-Admiral Bethune (Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune), "The Free Sea. It began with Portuguese exploring places such as the Atlantic archipelagos and the coast of Africa during the fifteenth century. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Captains of ships would document the places they visited such as the Far East and the Americas. ?died Nov. 23, 1616, England), British geographer. Historians generally recognize three motives for European exploration and colonization in the New World: God, gold, and glory. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View. However, Hakluyt argues that this type of colonization is not acceptable, legal, or moral. While in France he was able to expand his knowledge of foreign places which inspired him to write and publish books on the subject to encourage colonization. . In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, using eyewitness accounts as far as possible. Furthermore, he points out that crime in England is on the rise, and colonization will aid in sending convicted criminals to work in farms in colonized regions in order to reduce tax payments that emanate from rehabilitating criminals in England. He graduated with a master's degree in 1577, and remained in Oxford as a lecturer. That the Queen of England title to all the west Indies, or at the least to as much as is from Florida to the Circle arctic, is more lawful and right then the Spaniards or any other Christian Princes. Sometimes reading about a foreign lands makes us yearn to know more about it. [23][26] Hakluyt's handwritten manuscript, MS Petyt 529, in Inner Temple Library in London was eventually published as The Free Sea for the first time in 2004. Hakluyt's cousin, also named Richard Hakluyt, of the Middle Temple, became his guardian. The inter-European rivalry appears to be the main theme in this literature. That all other English trades are grown beggerly or dangerous, especially in all the king of Spain his Dominions, where our men are driven to fling their Bibles and prayer Books into the sea, and to forswear and renounce their religion and conscience and consequently their obedience to her Majestie. He was fascinated by voyages being made to far-off lands. What special means may bring kinge Phillippe from his high Throne, and make him equal to the Princes his neighbours, wherewithal is showed his weakness in the west Indies. 10 Richard Hakluyt, ne third voyage . Grotius also argued that the seas should be freely navigable by all, which was useful since the England to Virginia route crossed seas which the Portuguese claimed. But far from it: in 1584 Hakluyt prepared a 'Discourse on Western . His knowledge kept England abreast of events and journeys being undertaken by other foreign powers. This will be made possible because England will easily secure raw materials and control strategic ports. This book describes in detail the life and times of Hakluyt, a trained minister who . He also translated numerous works on the subject into English. (2021, April 8). They'd also need to provide for the numerous unemployed who filled the streets of cities such as London. To begin with, the interest of Britain to colonize the Western Hemisphere is a major national goal. [18], On 20 April 1590 Hakluyt was instituted to the clergy house of Wetheringsett-cum-Brockford, Suffolk, by Lady Stafford, who was the Dowager Baroness Sheffield. pp. Richard Hakluyt, Hakluyt, Richard BORN: 1552 . Gerhard Mercator (1512-1594), a Belgian cartographer (mapmaker), created a more accurate map that was especially useful for ocean navigators. Hakluyt's friend Alexander Woodson had sent the foot-and-half-long tusk to Hakluyt from his home in Bristol, about one hundred miles west of London. When Richard Hakluyt was forty years old, he sat one day in his study in London with a walrus tusk in his hands. 12 (11thed.). That the limits of the king of Spains dominions in the West Indies be nothing so large as is generally imagined and surmised, neither those parts which he holdeth be of any such forces as is falsely given out by the popish Clergy and others his suitors, to terrify the Princes of the Religion and to abuse and blind them. The burial register merely states that Hakluyt was buried "in the Abbey" without giving an exact location, and there is no monument or gravestone: personal e-mail communication on 10 May 2007 with Miss Christine Reynolds, Assistant Keeper of Muniments, Westminster Abbey Library. Cecil, who was the principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I, rewarded him by installing him as prebendary of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster on 4 May 1602. [33], A 14-volume critical edition of Hakluyt's Principal Navigations is being prepared by the Hakluyt Edition Project for Oxford University Press under the general editorship of Daniel Carey, National University of Ireland, Galway, and Claire Jowitt, University of East Anglia.[34]. I feel like its a lifeline. Shortly before its completion, he was granted by the queen the next vacant prebend at Westminster so that he might be at hand to advise on colonial affairs. English Geographer. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. He also published numerous geographical works describing North America and early English exploration of the New World. In twenty-one chapters, summarized here, Hakluyt emphasized the many benefits that England would receive by creating colonies in the Americas. Queen Elizabeth was under great pressure to provide for her people. The year was 1591 or 1592. The two would later co-operate to convince the English crown to invest in overseas ventures. Secondly, he was a persistent and able propagator of colonization and, through his numerous works, inspired many early English explorers. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. degree in 1577. What made them exciting? [14] A number of his manuscripts, sufficient to form a fourth volume of his collections of 15981600, fell into the hands of Samuel Purchas, who inserted them in an abridged form in his Pilgrimes (16251626). Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, Charles Deane, ed. This essay on English Colonization of America in Hakluyts View was written and submitted by your fellow According to Hakluyt, colonization will enable England to expand its markets to the New World. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. Richard Hakluyt, frequently referred to as Richard Hakluyt the Younger to differentiate him from his older cousin who was also named Richard Hakluyt, was a 16th-century English geographer and minister. Hakluyt's other works during his time in Paris consisted mainly of translations and compilations, with his own dedications and prefaces. [17] This work contains an exceedingly-rare copperplate map dedicated to Hakluyt and signed F.G. (supposed to be Francis Gualle); it is the first on which the name "Virginia" appears.[14]. We will write a custom Essay on English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View specifically for you. Learn More. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. (Cambridge: 1877), 1-5. He has recently obtained a PhD in contemporary European history. . For instance, the English people think that their worst enemy is Spain. Richard Hakluyt Richard Hakluyt was born in England in the mid-sixteenth century (1552-1616). They saw colonization primarily as an economic venture that would open up hugely profitable new opportunities for English merchants. [10], In the late 1590s Hakluyt became the client and personal chaplain of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Lord Burghley's son, who was to be Hakluyt's most fruitful patron. How did Richard Hakluyt contribute to English history? In 1583 Walsingham, then one of the most important secretaries of state, sent Hakluyt to Paris as chaplain to Sir Edward Stafford, the English ambassador there. Of chief concern would be for ''the enlargement of the gospel of Christ,'' in converting the natives to the Anglican religion. That the limits of the king of Spains dominions in the West Indies be nothing so large as is generally imagined and surmised, neither those parts which he holdeth be of any such forces as is falsely given out by the popish Clergy and others his suitors, to terrify the Princes of the Religion and to abuse and blind them. In the dedication of the second volume (1599) to his patron, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Hakluyt strongly urged the minister as to the expediency of colonising Virginia. That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades. He regards the native people as resources which England can use to serve her self-interest. The Hakluyts believed that colonies were the answer to England's problems. Works by Hakluyt in addition to those mentioned above included translations of Antonio Galvos Discoveries of the World (1601) and of Hernando de Sotos account of Florida, under the title Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description ofFlorida (1609). Reasons for Colonization 1. A brief collection of certain reasons to induce her Majestie and the state to take in hand the western voyage and the planting there. He is known for promoting the English colonization of North America through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589-1600). Was it the description of the place that made you wonder what it was like there? [10] In 1605 he secured the prospective living of Jamestown, the intended capital of the intended colony of Virginia. He made a point of becoming acquainted with the most important sea captains, merchants, and sailors of England. Records also show that a Thomas Hakeluytt was in the wardship of Henry VIII (reigned 15091547) and Edward VI (reigned 15471553). "Richard Hakluyt contributed more to English letters, and has had more effect on English writing, than any other man who ever lived, with the possible exception of Shakespeare."
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