A bump or lump, which could be red, pink, or white and could have a wart-like or raw surface or feel rough or thick. Why do people smell cancer? Dogs with access to urine samples alone were able to correctly identify 87% of samples with cancers, and dogs with access to just breath samples, correctly identified cancer in 78% of the samples. In severe cases, bleeding, blistering or ulcerated sores. Rotten like a decaying organism. In the study, the levels of certain VOCs found in people with cancer were higher than those without cancer. It is a cancer of the cervix. Anyone with cancer, their caregivers, families, and friends, can benefit from help and support. It can lead to it in other genital areas as well, including the vagina, vulva, and penis. There is also the late stage cervical cancer which cannot be cured. If we combine this information with your protected HPV vaccines can only be used to prevent certain types of HPV. Topical therapy means a cream or ointment is put right on the skin. So, because developed countries have cancer screening programmes, cervical cancer is no longer a problem to them. These are the usual. Vulvar cancer: Types, symptoms, and more. Bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation. All rights reserved. It can be radical surgery or radiotherapy for early-stage cancer. Vaginas and vulvas are as unique as faces they all have the same parts, but everyone's looks a little different. Invasive squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: a lump or warty growth. These are the usual symptoms. Causes of Vulvar Itching There are various conditions that can cause vulvar itching, which can be classified as follows: Infections Skin Conditions Cancerous Skin Disorder However, certain risk factors are thought to contribute to development of the disease. Then skin must be taken from another part of the body to cover the wound. The gynaeoncologists and other physicians involved will decide which one is best for the woman. Having cancer and dealing with treatment can be hard, but it can also be a time to look at your life in new ways. You can help reduce your risk of cancer by making healthy choices like eating right, staying active and not smoking. Candida. Diagnosed with granulosa cell (GCT) ovarian cancer, Diagnosed with endometrium adenocarcinoma few days ago, Skin changes, such as color changes or thickening, A lump, wartlike bumps or an open sore (ulcer). Their ability to identify odors and scents is 10,000 to 100,000 times more powerful than humans are capable of identify. An area of VIN may look different from normal vulvar skin. We couldnt do what we do without our volunteers and donors. When there are no symptoms, the woman can get pregnant. Copyright PUNCH. When cancer cells do this, its called metastasis. Any type of surgery can have risks and side effects. The HPV vaccine can prevent the strains of HPV responsible for most cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. Changes in the color of the skin of the vulva, so that it looks redder or whiter than is normal for you. Hysterectomy with oophorectomy. (401) 651-2622. It may be used for stage 0 cancers. Symptoms include changes in vulvar skin color and lumps or open sores. This combination of fluid and bacteria that make up the vaginal discharge that can, at times, emit certain odors. No matter how mild the symptoms, it should be treated to prevent progression. Talk to your doctor about your risk factors for vulvar cancer and other pelvic cancers in order to determine the most appropriate screening exam schedule for you. (520) 874-4700. Itching, burning, or bleeding on the vulva that does not go away. The chance that a type of treatment will cure the cancer or help in some way. The pap smear identifies the precancerous lesions. Warner KJ. Asymmetry: One-half of the mole does not match the other. Pain in your pelvis, the area below your stomach and in between your hip bones, especially when you pass urine or have sex. If a cancer is close to the surface of the skin and has caused an ulcerated mass to form, this can become a breeding ground for bacteria. In these studies, dogs were trained to detect the scent of cancer, often using breath or urine samples. Rest when you need to. Here are the most common reasons . About 70% of cases of throat cancer are . In fact, dogs can identify scents with just one part in a trillion (PPT). Persisting open sore (lasts for more than one month) An itchy area that appears rubbery to touch. Cancer of the cervix, vulva and vagina. Before one develops cervical cancer, usually they develop what they call the pre-cancer stage. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. In the U.S., close to 5,000 women are diagnosed with vulvar cancer each year. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Then, with time, it develops into foul smelling, vaginal discharge and sometimes, abnormal vaginal bleeding. Research is ongoing to determine the possibility of dogs being used to sniff out cancer while it's at an early stage. Since vulvar cancer develops on the surface of the vulva, it may have a particular smell. While as many as 30 types of bacteria can be found in normal vaginal discharge, about 95% of a healthy vaginal bacteria population consists of lactobacilli. An area on the vulva that looks different from normal it could be lighter or darker than the normal skin around it, or look red or pink. Lumps, bumps, sores, thickening, and areas of color change should be reported to your HCP. Oncology Certified Nurse Practitioner and freelance healthcare writer with over a decade of medical oncology and hematology experience. Health Magazine. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. What is the recovery time for cervical polyp removal? But in late-stage cancer, survival rate is poor and putting a percentage on it may be difficult in this environment. What Is Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)? What are the treatment options for cervical cancer? Our team is made up of doctors andoncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. Is there anything I can do to help the treatment work better. It tends to get worse as the treatment goes on. Men with lichen sclerosus on the penis may also have an increased risk. There are about 500,000 new cases every year globally and about 200,000 deaths every year. other information we have about you. Here are some of the tests you may need: Biopsy: In a biopsy, the doctor takes out a small piece of tissue to check it for cancer cells. This is called external beam radiation. According to Cleveland Clinic, 17 percent of women experience it during sex, even before hitting menopause.. If the smell . Clinical trials are one way to get the newest cancer treatment. What does vulvar cancer smell like? Vaginal cancer most commonly occurs in the cells that line the surface of your vagina, which is sometimes called the birth canal. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Here's a rundown on five of the most common vulvar conditions: 1. Mucosal melanomas are not related to overexposure to UV radiation. In Nigeria, there is a recent estimate that about 15,000 new cases are diagnosed in Nigeria. It can affect a woman's sexual functioning. A lump, nodule or wart-like growth on the vulva which you can feel by touching it. The neck is what is called the cervix and it can develop cancer, just like any other part of the body can develop cancer. If that is not possible, another aim is that the cancer is identified in the early stage, when it can be cured by the specialist who is a gynaeoncologists trained to manage gynaecancer in women. Accessed Sept. 30, 2020. The sense of smell may be more sensitive to people undergoing cancer treatments. If you have vaginal bleeding that is not normal for you, see a doctor right away. Vulvar cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that affects the vulva, the external genital organs that protect a female's reproductive system. Is it possible for a woman with cervical cancer to get pregnant? Sores, lumps, or ulcers on the vulva that do not go away. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Localized vulvodynia is pain in one area of the vulva . What side effects could I have from these treatments? The vagina is a carefully balanced ecosystem of fluid (discharge) and bacteria meant to keep the vaginal PH at a healthy 4.5. Leg swelling. Sometimes, she cannot control the urine or the faeces again. What does it take to outsmart cancer? Accessed Sept. 30, 2020. In a simple vulvectomy, the entire vulva is removed (the inner and outer labia; sometimes the clitoris, too) as well as tissue just under the skin. Sometimes doctors might not even recognize the condition at first. There's really no such thing as a "normal" looking vulva. Will I need other types of treatment, too? New masking guidelines are in effect starting April 24. Feil C, Staib F, Berger MR, et al. But its hard not to worry about cancer coming back. We're improving the lives of cancer patients and their families through advocacy, research, and patient support to ensure that everyone has an opportunity to prevent, detect, treat, and survive cancer. The lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. We also partner with CaringBridge, a free online tool that helps people dealing with illnesses like cancer stay in touch with their friends, family members, and support network by creating their own personal page where they share their journey and health updates. Mayo Clinic. It starts when cells in the vulva grow out of control and crowd out normal cells. The most common kind is squamous cell carcinoma. A skunk-like scent or a smell similar to body odor may be a sign that you're stressed and your sweat glands are working overtime. The type of cell in which vulvar cancer begins helps your doctor plan the most effective treatment. https://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm. Its not called bladder cancer unless it starts from cells in the bladder. Vulval cancer is uncommon with approximately 400 women in Australia diagnosed each year. A partial or modified radical vulvectomy removes part of the vulva, including the deep tissue. Lightened or darkened skin. Editors Note
So, having sex with someone who has cervical cancer poses no risk to the man. Those warning signs are: Itching or burning sensations in the vagina. In addition, if you have vulvar or vaginal itching, burning, or bleeding, or unusual discharge, get it checked out, as these can also be signs of cancer or precancerous changes. Still, if you have these symptoms, you should have them checked by a doctor or nurse. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy. Poor hygiene and use of douches, an intravaginal liquid cleansing solution, may increase your risk . The extent of the tissue removed is based on the size and location of the lesion. When I started having sx----I said to myself-----that smells like cancer. While medications such as sulfonamide antibiotics (commonly used to treat UTIs as well as other fungal and bacterial infections), diabetes medications and rheumatoid arthritis medications, all of which fall into the sulfa drug group (medicines used to treat bacterial infections), can cause urine to have a foul-smelling odor. Bax C, Lotesoriere BJ, Sironi S, Capelli L. Review and comparison of cancer biomarker trends in urine as a basis for new diagnostic pathways. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):17179. Vulvar melanomas can sometimes start in a mole, so a change in a mole that has been present for years can also indicate melanoma. Skin changes in the vulva, including what looks like a rash or warts. This is a common side effect of many chemotherapy medications and regimens used to treat many types of cancer. (Lichen sclerosus on other parts of your body does not seem to increase your cancer risk.) Taste and Smell Changes. Even though human noses can't smell it, research indicates that cancer emits a distinctive scent. The ABCDE rule can be used to help tell a normal mole from one that could be melanoma. As chemotherapy is processed throughout the body, it can produce a variety of odors that can come through the skin, urine, feces, or . That is the aim. Then, with time, it develops into foul smelling, vaginal discharge and sometimes, abnormal vaginal bleeding. Cancer of the vulva is a rare disease, accounting for 0.6 percent of all cancers in women, and it may form slowly over many years. Since vulvar cancer develops on the surface of the vulva, it may have a particular smell . Then, the longer youre cancer-free, the less often the visits are needed. This test looks at the whole body. But it may make the pain worse. Our backend team helps with the entire process. The most common symptoms of vulvar cancer are itching and a palpable mass (a lump or bump). The lump may be a different colorlighter or darkerthan the skin surrounding it, and it may also feel rough or thick, similar to a wart. Become a volunteer, make a tax-deductible donation, or participate in a fundraising event to help us save lives. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. There are lots of things that are considered before choosing the best treatment option for a patient. Lichen sclerosus is diagnosed by its appearance and sometimes by biopsies. Melanoma is another common type of vulvar cancer . Also known as a . 0:52. Most women with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) have no symptoms at all. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: Staging and surgical treatment. These can include: Verrucous carcinoma, a subtype of invasive squamous cell vulvar cancer, looks like cauliflower-like growths similar to genital warts. At Another Johns Hopkins Member Hospital: Gynecologic Cancer Surgery and Doctors at Sibley Memorial Hospital. Vulvectomy(vul-VEK-tuh-me): Removal of the vulva. It causes irritated skin around external genitalia such as the vulva, usually in the form of white patches where the skin becomes thin, wrinkled, and extremely sensitive. Be sure to ask the doctor about the cancer stage and what it means for you. Talk to your cancer care team about what you can expect. If a woman presents in the early stage, she will be treated and cured, which means she will be cured of the cancer. And if you do sign up for a clinical trial, you can always stop at any time. Luckily, the cervix connects to the womans vagina which makes it accessible unlike the remaining parts of the woman which is inside the womans body. While each woman may experience symptoms differently, the most common symptoms are: Changes in the color and the way the vulva looks, Bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation, An open sore that lasts for more than a month, Skin of the vulva looks white and feels rough. Diameter: The mole is wider than 6 mm (about 1/4 inch). A test in which cells are scraped from a womans cervix and checked for cancer or pre-cancer cells. Chemo may be given along with radiation to help shrink a tumor so its easier to take it out with surgery. Black Women Should Screen for Breast Cancer Starting at Age 42, Study Suggests, The 15 Best Clinical Strength Deodorants and Antiperspirants of 2023, Tested and Reviewed, Epilepsy Devices for Seizure Detection and Treatment, At-Home Bacterial Vaginosis Testing Kits Help You Screen at Home. itching. But in the late-stage of the disease, obviously, she cannot have sex because of the problems of getting pregnant is out of it. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Also see a doctor if you have any of the other symptoms for two weeks or longer and they are not normal for you. Does cancer of the womb smell? You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on For vulvar cancer, your treatment may include some or all of the following: Surgery. This abnormal process can lead to the death of other, healthy cells and changes in the body that may produce VOCs. Weve invested more than $5 billion in cancer research since 1946, all to find more and better treatments, uncover factors that may cause cancer, and improve cancer patients quality of life. This video discusses the importance of knowing the signs and symptoms of gynecologic cancer. Unexplained fatigue. This type of therapy is only used for premalignant (noninvasive) disease of the vulva. A bump or lump, which could be red, pink, or white and could have a wart-like or raw surface or feel rough or thick, Bleeding or discharge not related to the normal menstrual period, An open sore (especially if it lasts for a month or more). Vaginal cancer is a malignant disease that starts in the vagina (primary vaginal cancer), and vulval cancer starts on the external women's genitals. So if vulvar cancer spreads to the bladder (or any other place), its still called vulvar cancer. There are precancerous lesions which cannot be called cancer. Genital HPV infection Fact sheet. We take your privacy seriously. Chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate for people with vulvar cancer is about 70%. Early on, most vaginal cancers do not cause signs and symptoms. Most of these cancers grow slowly, remaining on the surface for years. These are the categories of cervical cancer. 2023 American Cancer Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Most of these deaths (about 80%) occur in developing countries. Don't even bother grabbing that vaginal wash that promises to make your nether . How long can it take before cervical cancer is detected in a woman? Treatment for cancer of the vulva may include: Laser surgery: This surgery uses a powerful beam of light to destroy abnormal cells. Answer. Tax ID Number: 13-1788491. Vaginal discharge or bleeding that is not normal for you. Cribriform Carcinoma of the Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) HER2 Enriched Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) Invasive Ductal . Sometimes, however, this kind of discharge can also mean cervical, ovarian, uterine, or vaginal cancer. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. The final thing is death and cervical cancer can be prevented than cured. These may not always be standard medical treatments. Supracervical hysterectomy. Clinical trials are research studies that test new drugs or other treatments in people. The smell of your vagina may . pain during . Strong odors, such as those in foods, are especially offending. Some might last longer. Vulvar cancer is cancer that occurs on the vulva the fleshy area that surrounds your vagina and the tube (urethra) where urine leaves your body. BANNER - UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER SOUTH CAMPUS LLC. include protected health information. Sometimes a lot of skin is removed. But when those two are ruled out, there are even more possibilities. bleeding not associated with menstruation. Allscripts EPSi. Symptoms depend on whether it is a cancer or pre-cancer and what kindof vulvar cancer it is. It also . In: Principles of Gynecologic Oncology Surgery. When it comes to incurable diseases, some people will attribute it to witchcraft because they do not understand what it is. Researchers have found that ovarian cancer has a unique scent signature from other gynecological cancers such as cervical cancer and vulvar cancer. One study found that many VOCs were present at different levels for a variety of cancers, including breast, prostate, lung, and bladder to name a few. They may include Itching, burning, or bleeding on the vulva that does not go away. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Thickening of the skin of the vulva. Scientists are still trying to determine exactly what causes cancer to have a smell. Treatment for vulvar cancer depends mainly on the stage of the cancer. In short, in terms of cancer affecting women, after breast cancer is cervical cancer. American Cancer Society. The mix-up in the name of the MFB is not deliberate. Some signs of vulvar cancer are skin changes in part of the vulva, a new bump, skin feeling thick or rough, itching, burning, an open sore, and new bleeding, spotting, or discharge from the vagina. The outer folds are called the, The inner folds form a hood of skin called the. CT or CAT scan: This test uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of the inside of your body. Although it can feel embarrassing to talk about, vaginal dryness is a common thing. There are several subtypes of lactobacilli, but the most . Talk to your doctor about anything youre thinking about using, whether its a vitamin, a diet, or anything else. It is an issue. Lichen sclerosus: This can cause the vulvar skin to become very itchy and may slightly increase the possibility of vulvar cancer. Pain in your pelvis, especially when you urinate or have sex. If you have vulvar cancer, the doctor will want to find out how far it has spread. It also tells if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. There are over 100 types of HPV. Almost all cases of cervical and anal cancer are caused by HPV. Vulvar cancer is diagnosed by biopsy, removing a small piece of tissue for exam in a lab by a pathologist. It may be strange to think that cancer can have a smell to it, but its true. Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include: Make an appointment with your primary care doctor or gynecologist if you experience any persistent symptoms that worry you. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. When it comes down to it, you should see your dermatologist if you're experiencing any type of skin irritation in the vulva area, whether it be bumps, increased redness, itching, flaking you. When you have cancer you might hear about other ways to treat the cancer or treat your symptoms. How did BCG come to be used for bladder cancer? The most important sign of melanoma is a change in size, shape, or color of a mole. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. There are about 6,000 new cases of vulvar cancer in the U.S. each year. It is not all forms of HPV that cause cancer. In Nigeria, the cervical cancer burden is high. The 5-year survival rate for vulvar cancer that has not spread beyond the vulva is about 86%. The vulva includes the lips surrounding the vagina (labia minora and labia majora), the clitoris, the vaginal orifice and the urinary meatus. The most common side effects of radiation are: Most side effects get better after treatment ends. Radiation. But what if? Patients commonly reported sleep disturbances as a result of the itching. For instance, if the woman is still a young lady, who has been sexually active, then radiotherapy might not be the best option for her because radiotherapy may cause fibrosis. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Your doctor will want to find out the stage of your cancer to help decide what type of treatment is best for you. Sarcoma A rare type that starts in cells in muscle, fat and other tissue under the skin. Then, for late-stage cancer, surgery is not an option. Will I be able to enjoy sex after treatment? For years, humans have recruited dogs for their heightened sense of smell to sniff out drugs and weapons, and to aid in the search of missing people. If you have problems, let your doctors know. It has been found recently that the organism called human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancer in almost all the cases. Studies have shown that dogs have the potential of smelling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly better than humans. Pain in the pelvic region. Vaginal cancer can be ruled out or confirmed through an analysis of your medical history, symptoms, pelvic exam, pap test, and biopsy if necessary. Chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs are used to treat cancerous cells. But these problems usually go away after treatment ends. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of VOCs are byproducts of some biological processes in the body. Vaginal cancer is nearly always caused by an infection from certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). On the outside are 2 folds of skin. "It's relatively rareits exact prevalence is not known but estimated between 1 in 300 and 1 in 1000 individuals," says Dr. Zubek. The treatment plan thats best for you will depend on: Most women with vulvar cancer have some type of surgery. The baby stays in the body. The aim is not cure; the aim is to prolong the persons life. URGENT NEWS: Earn US Dollars directly paid to your account; Nigerians can now earn up to $14,000- $17,000 (12 million+) profiting from premium domain names. At the American Cancer Society, we have a vision to end cancer as we know it, for everyone. A few have even been found to be harmful. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrightedmaterial. Anesthesia(AN-es-THEE-zhuh):Drugs used to make you sleep. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. There may be differing shades of tan, brown, or black and sometimes patches of red, blue, or white. Sometimes infections are to blame for vaginal discharge that is bloody, heavy, and foul smelling. If they are present, they would be treated and that would prevent the invasive cancer formation. She would be examined and given something called speculum used to look inside the vagina. In the early stage, treatment can be radical surgery or radiotherapy. Because women do not screen often for cervical cancer, they present late to the clinic. A woman can be screened for cervical cancer through a pap smear. What should I do to be ready for treatment? Ask your doctor what type of surgery you will need and what your body will look like after surgery. Common side effects experienced after chemotherapy for vulvar cancer include feeling sick (nausea), tiredness (fatigue), and a reduced resistance to infections. pain and irritation. Some say it is breast cancer that is number one and others are saying it is cervical cancer. It may or may not be painful. More from. Whats the goal of this treatment? Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer vary based on the type of cancer and can include: 3 2 Vulvar itching, buring, or pain (itching is the most common symptom of vulvar cancer) Moles on the vulva Lumps or bumps (flesh colored, white, red, or pink) on the vulva Vulvar sores that don't heal Vulvar skin thickening or flakiness Tax ID Number: 13-1788491. The American Cancer Society is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with In rare cases, a fishy smell can indicate a more serious condition. White, pink, or a red-colored rough or thick lump or bump. However, some (for example, melanomas) grow quickly. Whether you want to learn about treatment options, get advice on coping with side effects, or have questions about health insurance, were here to help. Almost all women with invasive vulvar cancers will have symptoms. As chemotherapy is processed throughout the body, it can produce a variety of odors that can come through the skin, urine, feces, or sweat. This is the most common type of hysterectomy. Around 50 out of every 100 women with stage 2 vulval cancer (around 50%) will survive for 5 years or more. Tests that may be done 2800 E Ajo Way, Tucson AZ 85713. The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment. In the most advanced stages, foul-smelling vaginal discharge; blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods and abdominal pain. For pre-cancers (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or VIN), topical therapy may be used. In our post on February 19, 2023, in a story Woman burns self to death over failure to offset N70,000 loan, we reported that a middle-aged woman, simply known as Mama Dada, set herself ablaze over her inability to pay back a loan of N70,000 she reportedly took from a microfinance bank, LAPO. But if there are symptoms, they may include, Many women who have vulvar cancer have signs and symptoms. They cannot be used to treat an existing HPV infection. It will also discuss the impact of changes in body odors from cancer treatment. Side effects of chemotherapy can lead to alterations in the senses of taste and smell. It is a preventive measure which we encourage every woman of a reproductive age to do at least every three years. In the most advanced stages, foul-smelling vaginal discharge; blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods and abdominal pain. There are ways to treat most chemo side effects. Doctors who treat women with vulvar cancer should be able to help you with any problems that come up. Soda K. The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread.
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