Soquet R. The second click also has a velar closure. K. 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies Figure 3.28 Austin, P. K. Faytak (2014) reconstructs back vowels *u, *, *o for the Central Ring group of Grassfields Bantu languages. K. Gick, B. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. & Rialland & Hubbard, K. Zerbian, S. However, internal developments and external influences create considerable diversity in consonantal and vocalic patterns. There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. | Terms & conditions. E. The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. Nurse, D. Ladefoged, P. (eds. Kishindo, P. J. 2003). Paulian, C. Herman, R. 45(1): 6169. Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. J. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). The arrow in the spectrogram points to a convergence of F2 and F3 characteristic of velars. Figure 3.20 (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. & Studies in African Linguistics Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. . This may have two principal effects. , A. In (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. Coupez Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). (1970) Eastern Shona: A Comparative Dialect Study. Ziervogel, D. The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Tlale (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. , ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. , Figure 3.6 Maphalala, Z. More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). Goedemans , The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. Miller, A. M.-L. (1995) Language Contact and Language Change: The Case for chiTumbuka in Northern Malawi. Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. Schwartz, J.-L. Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. M. , with no difference in meaning. Elordieta The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. , In South-East Bantu languages, three contrastive click types are found, and probably no more than seven accompaniments are used. (2001) The two vs of Giryama. 2002, Bostoen 2008). ), Proceedings of the Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2, 313321. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. 1987). Ndana, Ndana Y. Figure 3.32 J. C. J. C. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. (1970) The Augment in the Bantu languages. Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. 7(1): 146. ), Handbook of Click Languages. ed. & . (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. Leiden: Brill. Phonetic timing patterns and tone and stress interactions in Bantu languages provide a wealth of patterns to test phonological theories. Hubbard, K. Then, explain how language has been a unifying or divisive force for each group. & The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. 33(3): 261272. . , In Fwe K402, they were borrowed from Khoe and Ju languages (Bostoen & Sands 2012, Gunnink et al. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Figure 3.18 This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. Brasington Orie, O l. Figure 3.1 (eds. Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. Muravjeva J. B. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. Greenberg, J. H. & High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. 17: 331. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. & Omissions? Huffman, M. K. Kula, N. C. Verhoeven Gunnink Xhosa S41 vowel formant means (Roux & Holtzhausen 1989). , , While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. & Bradfield, J. (1982) Liquids in Chaga. There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. Hajek In Thomas-Vilakatis work provides the first direct measures of how powerful the energy generated by this gesture is. & Van de Velde, M. Dalsagaard, P. Table 3.2 The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. IPA (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. Tonal contrasts and vowel length contrasts are often restricted to stem-initial syllables (Downing 2010). 17(2): 6581. C. Librarian resources Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. P. This is usually discussed as a contrast between advanced and retracted (or neutral) tongue root position, i.e., ATR. In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. Figure 3.22 Vietti Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. J. Laine 32(1): 97111. Voen Emily Egert, M. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. In Bantu languages are known for their highly developed tense, aspect (and mood) systems. 1989, Pongweni 1990). Multiple tone heights As indicated, most Bantu languages have an underlying two-height system, whether privative or equipollent. Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . Stevick, E. W. Nurse, D. Boyer In (2002) Language-Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation: Acoustic Structures and Their Perceptual Correlates. Special attention is paid to consonants with complex articulations, including clicks and the so-called whistling fricatives. It is hoped that the brief discussions of selected issues here will encourage more attention to be paid to phonetic aspects of these languages. P. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. Gunnink, H. When the sequence is voiceless, as in /tk/, there is a strong oral release of the first closure. Journal of Phonetics & Omar Figure 3.17 Sol, M.-J. Figure 3.6 The nasal feature is realised as nasalisation of the latter part of the vowel // in Fragment C, following an oral portion, B, and the aspiration of the initial stop, A. Fragment D, which is the consonantal part of the // is voiceless but oral, and as often in an [h]-sound, the transition of the formants of the flanking vowels can be traced through its duration. Introduction This chapter will describe some of the major phonetic characteristics of the (Narrow) Bantu languages based on first-hand familiarity with some of them and a reading of available literature. & . B. Rice On this basis these particular vowels would not quite justify being considered high, but they are clearly markedly higher than those of Xhosa S41. Phonology Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). , Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. L. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. E. Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. Figure 3.4 Manuel, S. Y. A. Guthrie, M. , Sections 6-7). (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. Figure 3.1 4 (1937), pp. Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. , E. During the time period in which the two closures of a click overlap, lowering of the center of the tongue creates a partial vacuum in the cavity between them. Figure 3.9 Fehn London: SOAS. | Cookies Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. M. E. Language Dynamics and Change Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. Bantu languages provide an opportunity to compare phonetic differences between fairly large numbers of related languages. Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. , 9: 7184. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections African Studies Bostoen Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. ), African Mosaic: Festschrift for J. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. Demolin & F. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. M. 2014). Poulos, G. In addition, many have only H and L in their outputs, e.g. & K. B. Figure 3.19 (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Phonetica For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). Belgian Journal of Linguistics Figure 3.3 Swahili has a complex and controversial status in Eastern Africa today. (eds. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in N. A. 133(2): 10431054. Nande . Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Naidoo, S. 38(4): 604615. When speakers of these languages come to , In and Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. (2011) Articulatory and Acoustic Characteristics of Whistled Fricatives in Changana. E. in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. 42: 175187. That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. & (ed. In Lee, S. J. Kim, S.-A. In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. (2005) Vowel Duration and Neutralization of Vowel Length Contrasts in Kinyarwanda. & Roux (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Africana Linguistica Monaka First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . 46(2): 235246. . Figure 3.2 Pascoe . , Sands There are thus seven phonetic qualities among the nasalised vowels, but no contrast between all seven in any environment. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. /, / P. Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. 32(1): 115. (2008) Phonetics of Intonation in South African Bantu Languages. (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. New York: Routledge. Heins Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. The abbreviations in parentheses may . Shosted, R. K. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0-6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen Downing, L. J. The Bantu Languages of Africa. A. The other back vowel pair /o o/ shows a smaller than expected F2 difference given the size of the difference between their first formants; a substantial pharynx width difference coupled with a degree of opening of the oral constriction may be inferred. 7: 270414. 24(1): 530. 2015). 27: 6580. Doke, C. M. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). R. (2017) Chiikuhane (Subiya) Manual with Orthography. Proctor, M. ), Le kinyarwanda (langue bantu du Rwanda): tudes linguistiques, 5573. In It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. (2016) How Intonations Interact with Tones in Embosi (Bantu C25), a Two-Tone Language Without Downdrift. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Cibelli, E. M. Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. Traill, A. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Beddor, P. S. Yoder Examples are given in Van de Velde and . & Figure 3.32 Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. , Africana Linguistica The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. 9(1): 3034. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. Click loss is an on-going process in Chopi (Bailey 1995) and in Imusho Fwe (Gunnink forthcoming). (1969) Tone in Bantu. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. Figure 3.7 Y. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. (ed. Lee-Kim, S.-I. The phonetic realisation of dental and alveolar consonants is dependent on the airstream mechanism. (eds. Figure 3.31 Probert The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in Figure 3.1 High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). (ed. (1996) Dictionrio Changana-Portugus. (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. T. J. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Naidoo, S. Zerbian, S. Bond Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? (eds. A. . Cleveland: Central Mission Press. Phonology A. Louw, 5991. , Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). (eds.) Mutaka (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. https://www.britannica.com/art/Bantu-languages, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing - Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa. ] and to be invariably long. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. Downing, L. J. Figure 3.10 30: 591627. 1989: 54). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. P. J. . (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. , & In Fehn Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. (1972) Numerical Simulation of Vowel Quality Systems: The Role of Perceptual Contrast.
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